Jurisdiction Information
Jurisdiction serves as the foundation of the legal system, ensuring that each court operates within defined boundaries. It is generally divided into **subject matter jurisdiction**, which concerns the type of case a court can hear, and **personal jurisdiction**, which deals with the court’s authority over the parties involved. Courts must have both to proceed with a case. Additionally, **geographic jurisdiction** limits authority to specific territories, such as counties or states. A judgment issued without proper jurisdiction can be declared void. Jurisdictional rules prevent conflicting decisions and maintain orderly administration of justice across state and federal systems.
Florida Legal Definition
Under **Florida law**, jurisdiction is governed by constitutional and statutory provisions defining the powers of state courts. The **Florida Constitution, Article V**, establishes the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court, district courts of appeal, circuit courts, and county courts. Circuit courts generally handle major civil and criminal cases, while county courts manage smaller civil disputes and misdemeanors. Florida’s **long-arm statute (Section 48.193, Florida Statutes)** extends personal jurisdiction over nonresidents who conduct business or commit acts within the state. A court must confirm both subject matter and personal jurisdiction before proceeding with a case.
How It’s Used in Practice
In practice, jurisdiction determines where lawsuits are filed and which court has authority to issue decisions. Attorneys evaluate jurisdictional issues early in a case to avoid dismissal for improper venue or lack of authority. Businesses operating across states often encounter questions of jurisdiction in contract disputes or tort claims. Courts use jurisdiction to ensure fairness by requiring a substantial connection between the forum state and the parties or events. In Florida, jurisdictional challenges are commonly raised through motions to dismiss or transfer a case.
Key Takeaways
- Jurisdiction is a court’s legal authority to hear and decide cases or enforce laws.
- It includes subject matter, personal, and geographic components.
- Florida courts derive their jurisdiction from Article V of the Florida Constitution.
- Florida’s long-arm statute extends jurisdiction over nonresidents with state connections.
- Without proper jurisdiction, a court’s judgment is void and unenforceable.
Disclaimer: The information and opinions provided are for general educational, informational or entertainment purposes only and should not be construed as legal advice or a substitute for consultation with a qualified attorney. Any information that you read does not create an attorney–client relationship with Barnes Walker, Goethe, Perron, Shea & Johnson, PLLC, or any of its attorneys. Because laws, regulations, and court interpretations may change over time, the definitions and explanations provided here may not reflect the most current legal standards. The application of law varies depending on your particular facts and jurisdiction. For advice regarding your specific situation, please contact one of our Florida attorneys for personalized guidance.
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